Philippine Republic | |||||||||
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1899[a]–1901[b] | |||||||||
Motto: Libertad, Justicia, y Igualidad (English: "Liberty, Justice, and Equality")[citation needed] | |||||||||
Anthem: Marcha Nacional Filipina (English: "Philippine National March") | |||||||||
![]() Territory controlled by the Philippine Republic, most of which it occupied except Manila and parts of Mindanao. | |||||||||
Status | Unrecognized state | ||||||||
Capital | Malolos[c] | ||||||||
Largest city | Manila (until February 5, 1899) | ||||||||
Official languages | Spanish[d] | ||||||||
Common languages | Philippine languages | ||||||||
Religion | Secular state Majority: Roman Catholicism Minority: Indigenous religion, Sunni Islam | ||||||||
Demonym(s) | Filipino | ||||||||
Government | 1899: Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic under a military dictatorship 1899–1901: Unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency | ||||||||
President | |||||||||
• 1899–1901 | Emilio Aguinaldo (first) | ||||||||
• 1901–1902 | Miguel Malvar (last; unofficial) | ||||||||
Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1899 | Apolinario Mabini (first) | ||||||||
• 1899 | Pedro Paterno (last) | ||||||||
Legislature | National Assembly | ||||||||
Historical era | Philippine–American War | ||||||||
January 23, 1899[a] | |||||||||
April 19, 1901[b] | |||||||||
Area | |||||||||
1898[10][better source needed] | 298,719 km2 (115,336 sq mi) | ||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• 1898[10] | 7,832,719 | ||||||||
Currency | Peso | ||||||||
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History of the Philippines |
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Timeline |
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The Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina), now officially remembered as the First Philippine Republic and also referred to by historians as the Malolos Republic, was established in Malolos, Bulacan during the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire (1896–1898) and the Spanish–American War between Spain and the United States (1898) through the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution on January 23, 1899, succeeding the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines. It was formally established with Emilio Aguinaldo as president.[11] It was unrecognized outside of the Philippines but remained active until April 19, 1901.[b] Following the American victory at the Battle of Manila Bay, Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines, issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898, and proclaimed successive revolutionary Philippine governments on June 18 and 23 of that year.
In December 1898, Spain and the United States signed the 1898 Treaty of Paris, ending the Spanish–American war. As part of the treaty, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. The treaty was not formally proclaimed until April 11, 1899, when mutual ratifications were exchanged. In the meantime, on January 23, 1899, the Malolos Constitution establishing the First Philippine Republic had been proclaimed and, on February 4, 1899, fighting had erupted in Manila between American and Filipino forces in what developed into the Philippine–American War.[e] Aguinaldo was captured by the American forces on March 23, 1901, in Palanan, Isabela, he declared allegiance to the U.S. on April 19, 1901, effectively ending the Philippine Republic.[14][15]
The First Philippine Republic is sometimes characterized as the first proper constitutional republic in Asia,[16][17][18] although there were several Asian republics predating it – for example, the Mahajanapadas of ancient India, the Lanfang Republic, the Republic of Formosa, or the Republic of Ezo. Aguinaldo himself had led a number of governments prior to Malolos, like those established at Tejeros and Biak-na-Bato which both styled themselves República de Filipinas ("Republic of the Philippines"). Unlike the founding documents of those governments, however, the Malolos Constitution was duly approved by a partially elected congress and called for a true representative democracy.[11][19]
[O]n 24 March, Aguinaldo was captured in the mountain region of Palanan, Isabela Province, and on 2 April 1901 he took an oath of allegiance to the United States. On 19 April 1901 he appealed to all Filipinos to accept the sovereignty of the United States. The existence of the revolutionary government came to an end officially when, on 4 July 1901, U.S. Military government ceased to exist in the Philippines.
On 19 April 1901 Aguinaldo issued a farewell proclamation to his people, bringing the republic to an end: ...
Whereas the insurrection against the authority and sovereignty of the United States is now at an end
WHEREAS, Tuesday, April 16, 2002, marks the centennial celebration of the end of the Philippine-American War [and] WHEREAS, the day also marks the day when General Miguel Malvar, a true-blooded Batangueño and the last President of the Philippine Revolutionary Government surrendered to the Americans; ...
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